The New York Stock Exchange Crash Of 1929 - 1233 Words

The open market in the United States allows for many individuals and businesses to develop and grow their capital so long as financial regulation is handled properly. Proper regulation of loans allows for reasonable restriction towards speculation and encourages business expansion. When regulation is loosely held the economy suffers from misrepresentation of loans and broker ignorance. This can be represented through the New York Stock Exchange crash of 1929, which holds many similarities to the events leading to and after the United States subprime mortgage crisis. Increased popularity of on-margin loans almost directly correlate to the subprime mortgages that were made widely available in the first decade of the twenty first century. Brokers and loan originators, who fabricated on-margin and subprime mortgage loans, increased country-wide economic risk by encouraging individuals to accept monetary burdens they could not possibly afford. Also, as individuals continued to purchase on credit, a market economic bubble was formed. Once this bubble popped the Dow Jones, what individuals typically look to for market value, suffered a massive decrease in values. Each market crash displayed these occurrences, which can be correlated to one another. On-Margin Subprime Mortgages The popularity of on-margin stock purchases and subprime mortgages increased prior to each economic meltdown. The 1920 era was a time of confidence and enthusiasm because of the market’s economic success.Show MoreRelated Black Thursday Stock Market Crash1342 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember of 1929. 1929Â…) It was anticipated that the increases in earnings and dividends would continue. (1929Â…) Price to earnings ratios rose from 10 to 12 to 20 and higher for the markets favorite stocks. (1929Â…) Observers believed that stock market prices in the first 6 months of 1929 were high, while others saw them to be cheap. (1929Â…) On October 3rd, the Dow Jones Average began to drop, declining through out the week of October 14th. (1929Â…) On the night of Monday, October 21st, 1929, marginRead More1929 Stock Market Crash1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1929 Stock Market Crash In early 1928 the Dow Jones Average went from a low of 191 early in the year, to a high of 300 in December of 1928 and peaked at 381 in September of 1929. (1929Â…) It was anticipated that the increases in earnings and dividends would continue. (1929Â…) The price to earnings ratings rose from 10 to 12 to 20 and higher for the market s favorite stocks. (1929Â…) Observers believed that stock market prices in the first 6 months of 1929 were high, while others saw them toRead MoreEssay on The Great Depression, Annotated Bibliography879 Words   |  4 PagesStephen G. Understanding the Great Depression: Lessons for Current Policy . Monetary Economics (1997): 1-26. This article is about the circumstances that led to the collapse of the economy in 1929. It relates to my research proposal because I am evaluating historic events that led to the financial crisis of 1929. The article discusses how deflation played an important role in expanding the depression, and how the Gold Standard, a monetary system in which a country’s government allows its currency unitRead MoreThe Stock Market Crash and The Great Depression in the US781 Words   |  4 Pages Stock Market Crash 25 billion dollars lost in 1 day, roughly 25% of the nations population was without a job, and the suicide rate skyrocketed. These are just a few factors that turned the Stock Market Crash of 1929 into the Great Depression, one of the longest and worst economic downturns of that time, according to History.com. 16 million shares were lost at the New York Stock Exchange, eliminating thousands of investors on October 29th, 1929. The Stock Market Crash impacted the United StatesRead MoreThe Stock Market Crash of 19291289 Words   |  6 Pagessignaled a new era after the end of World War I. It was an era of hopefulness when many people invested their money that was under the mattresses at home or in the bank into the stock market. People migrated to the prosperous cities with the hopes of finding much better life. In the 1920s, the stock market reputation did not appear to be a risky investment, until 1929.First noticeable in 1925, the stock market prices began to rise as more people in vested their money. During 1925 and 1926, the stock pricesRead MoreStock Market Crash of 1929 Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagessignaled a new era after the end of World War 1; an era of hopefulness when many people invested their money that was under the mattresses at home or in the bank. In the 1920s, the stock market reputation did not appear to be a risky investment, until 1929. First noticeable in 1925, the stock market prices began to rise as more people invested their money. During 1925 and 1926, the stock prices vacillated but in 1927, it had an upward trend. The stock market boom had started by 1928. The stock marketRead MoreEssay about The causes and effects of the stock crashes1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe causes and effects of the stock crashes Almost 75 years and almost 20 years ago, there were huge crashes in New York. These crashes caused an uproar throughout the nation. Number of people died, billions of dollars lost and damaged lots of lives. Those crashes had been called most severe of the 20th century. Those crashes are symbolized as Black Days. Well, you might think that those crashes could be car crashes or plane crashes or train crashes. You might also think that if nationRead MoreThe History of the Stock Market Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesThe History of the Stock Market In the beginning, there was no real stock market. However stock exchanges did take place in smaller groups and corporations. This all took place during the 1700s where stocks were already around for a long time before that but it wasnt really popular in the United States. Stocks originally started as auctions where traders called out names of companies and the shares available. There was a auction that took place and the shares went to the highest biddersRead MoreEssay on Stock Market Crash as the Cause of the Great Depression1211 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Great Depression leads many people to believe different stories about what actually caused it. The Stock Market Crash in October of 1929 is often referred to as the beginning of the Great Depression, but did it actually cause it? The answer is that it was the spark that lit the flame of the Great Depression. The Great depression was a financial decline that started in 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. Its pinpoint was in North America and Europe, but plagued countries aroundRead MoreIn the main 19th century, countless new enterprises sprang up in the railroad and assembly600 Words   |  3 PagesIn the main 19th century, countless new enterprises sprang up in the railroad and assembly industries. The New York Transactions Board had next mandated an association to have a minimum of 100 stocks in order to transactions in their exchange. Countless of these new firms might not encounter such necessities to be tabulated on the Board. A cluster of non-member brokers catered to the needs of these firms as they traded their stocks beyond the registered exchanges. These brokers came to be recognized

The Top Five Online Auction Website - 2093 Words

According to Top Ten Reviews, in 2016 the top five online auction sites are eBay, eBid, Webstore, Online Auction and ePier. According to Baye, Price and Squalli, in an auction, potential buyers compete for the right to own a good, service, or, more generally, anything in value. Auctions are used to sell a variety of things, including art, Treasury bills, furniture, real estate, oil leases, corporations, electricity and numerous consumer goods at auction sites on the Internet. When the auctions take place, the seller interest is to ensure that they receive the highest price for their item. As for the buyer, the main interest is the ability to purchase an item at a lowest cost possible. eBay eBay Inc. is a global online auction†¦show more content†¦The fees that eBay could apply to you will depend of the type of seller you are, the number of items you are selling per month, type if items and the type of auction you choose to sell your items through. Per month eBay offers 50-item listing free of charge after which it charges 30 cents per any additional listing. Additional charges apply if you would like to make your listing standout with bold text, etc. Depending on the number of items that you would like to list on the monthly basis, e-Bay offers a special subscription fee for â€Å"store subscribers† with fees ranging from $20-200$ per month. Supposedly this provides a better offer to those with a big monthly number of listing. Once you sell your item through eBay, this is where the platform will make additional money. eBay will charge 10% of any item sold (including the final price the item was sold + shipping costs). So if you sold an item for $15 and your shipping costs come to $5, eBay will charge you 10% of the final cost $20, and would receive $2 of your sale. Selling Features Being the biggest online market place out there with over 100m users, Ebay provides all the selling features you can think of. Some of those features are: †¢ Submit items to search engines – eBay will submit your items to most popular search engines to help gain exposure †¢ Traffic report – eBay provides information on who your visitors are, time they spend on your page, what they

Read Only Participants Essay Sample free essay sample

More than of all time. online categories are going a feasible attack and solution for pupils prosecuting undergraduate and secondary grades. However. the handiness to these categories does non vouch all on-line pupils are having a quality instruction. Recent surveies have shown that every bit on-line class registration additions. issues with assignment completion. lower quality work. and dropout rates have risen. One survey revealed the drop-out rate for on-line pupils is 20 to 50 % ( Nagel. Blignaut. A ; Cronje. 2009 ) . ( as cited in Bernard et Al. . 2004 ) . In their research. Nagel. Blignaut. and Cronje ( 2009 ) like Klemm ( 1998 ) . Rovani. and Barnum ( 2003 ) felt it was indispensable to be participative in on-line treatments to be successful in a web-based acquisition environment. The survey besides revealed that within the practical community of scholars there exist two types of pupils that pose a hazard to the online larning community. legitimate non-participation and accid ental non-participation read-only engagement. Legitimate non-participation pupils avoid the phase and are content detecting others and lend small to the success of the group. We will write a custom essay sample on Read Only Participants Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This type of pupil does non portion personal acquisition experiences and provenders off group thoughts ( Nagel. Blignaut. A ; Cronje. 2009 ) . ( as cited in Collins. Brown. A ; Holum. 1991 ) . Accidental non-participation pupils avoid on-line engagement. Because of proficient lacks. these at-risk pupils will set off assignments. which finally contributes to the higher drop-out rate ( Nagel. Blignaut. A ; Cronje. 2009 ) . ( as cited in Miller. Rainer. A ; Corley. 2003 ) . Research for the survey was performed during an on-line 8 hebdomad computing machine integrated instruction class and used the Davies. Graff ( 2005 ) theoretical account to place any debatable features of online categories. The sample consisted of 22 pupils of assorted ages and geographical locations ( Nagel. Blignaut. A ; Cronje. 2009 ) . ( as cited in Oblinger. 2003 ) . Students researched literature on assorted subjects and posted their findings on a Learning Management System ( LMS ) treatment country. The L MS tracked how many times a pupil logged- in. messages left. and posted answers to messages. Student on-line experiences were monitored through the undermentioned: on-line quizzes. essay inquiries. and class feedback inquiries. Facilitators provided feedback to the pupils throughout class completion ( Nagel. Blignaut. A ; Cronje. 2009 ) . The survey demonstrated a strong prognostic value at the group degree. Students that were extremely seeable. had important interaction with the facilitator and contributed to online treatments validated the point that participative pupils experienced a successful class completion ( Nagel. Blignaut. A ; Cronje. 2009 ) . In order to extinguish read-only engagement. the survey supports Klemm’s ( 1998 ) facilitator recommendations: quality posters versus measure. rate single parts to group independently. rotary motion of group members. and texting of of import category information. In order to heighten the prognostic value for persons. farther surveies are required. For illustration. consideration should be given to English as a 2nd linguistic communication pupils and include them in a separate survey. A larger trial sample would be good and supply more feedback. Inte rrupting out age groups would besides turn out good in order to detect if there is a connexion between proficient lacks and higher age of participants. Finally. system demands and type of cyberspace connectivity could be included in the evaluating standard. This would be good in placing pupils in poorness from those that have proficient issues. Mentions Bernard. R. M. . Brauer. A. . Abrami. P. C. . A ; Surkes. M. ( 2004 ) . The development of a questionnaire for foretelling on-line acquisition accomplishment. Distance Education. 25 ( 1 ) . 31-47. Collins. A. . Brown. J. S. . A ; Holum. A. ( 1991 ) . Cognitive apprenticeship: Making Thinking Visible. American Educator. 15 ( 3 ) . 6-11. Davies. J. . A ; Graff. M. ( 2005 ) . Performance in e-learning: On-line engagement and pupil classs. British Journal of Educational Technology. 36 ( 4 ) . 657-663. Klemm. W. R. ( 1998 ) . Eight ways to acquire pupils more engaged in on-line conferences. Technical Horizons in Education Journal. 26 ( 1 ) . 62-64. Miller. M. D. . Rainer. R. K. . A ; Corley. J. K. ( 2003 ) . Forecasters of battle and engagement in an online class. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration. 6 ( 1 ) . 13. Nagel. L. .Blignaut. S. . A ; Cronje. J. ( 2009 ) . Read-only participants: a instance for pupil communicating in on-line categories. Interactive-Learning En vironments. 17 ( 1 ) . 37-51. Oblinger. D. ( 2003 ) . Boomers. gen-Xers A ; millennials. Educause. 4. 37-47. Rovai. A. P. . A ; Barnum. K. T. ( 2003 ) . On-line class effectivity: An analysis of pupil interactions and perceptual experiences of larning. Journal of Distance Education. 18 ( 1 ) . 57-73.

Spirituality Effect on Drug Abuse

Introduction The main aim of this research is to determine whether spirituality has an effect on drug abuse treatment programs. Articles for the research were all published in renowned journals, and a key word search of spirituality and drug abuse led to them.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Spirituality Effect on Drug Abuse Treatment Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some articles were too prescriptive while others did not focus on an intervention. The 3 articles did not possess these two qualities. Analysis of the articles Heinz et al. (2010) carried out an analysis of the relationship between spirituality and substance abuse treatment. The hypothesis of the study was that spirituality is appropriate in the formal treatment of addiction; the study confirmed this hypothesis. The researchers defined the dependent variable (treatment of addiction) as a treatment program consisting of 25 methadone- addicted males. They measured it on the basis of success of treatment outcomes. The authors also defined the independent variable (spirituality) as a deep relationship between oneself and a transcendent being. They measured it by the responses given by the participants. Data collection was through a focus group approach of the 25 addicts. The research lacked a control group, which undermined its ability to be randomized.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study did not consist of an ethnically diverse group, so its relevance to other populations may be questionable. Nonetheless, it supports the assumption that spirituality is central to recovery from drug abuse. White and Laudet (2006) main research hypothesis was that spirituality played a significant role in addiction counseling; they confirmed the hypothesis. The dependent variable was addiction counseling, and they meas ured it through success or failure rates in recovery. The group defined the independent variable (spirituality) by how a person experiences it and the intensity or authenticity of the experience. A spiritual well being scale, a self assessment scale, as well as a religious background survey, were the methods of measuring the independent variable. A study of addicted subjects enabled data collection. It came from a range of journal studies on the same. This was a comprehensive survey of existing information on the topic. Control groups existed in some articles while others did not. The divergence of the study groups used indicates that the findings can be randomized. The authors belonged to a theoretical camp in which counselors believe that scientific methods can be applied to the definition and measurement of spirituality during the treatment of addiction (Piedmont, 2004). Galanter et al. (2006) had a research hypothesis which stated that spiritual orientation is a vital part of re covery; they confirmed the hypothesis. They defined the dependent variable as abstinence from an addictive drug and measured it by the presence or absence of the addiction. In the analysis, they defined as having a relationship with God. Galanter et al. (2006) measured it through a six-item spirituality scale that they created. The studies involved substance abusers and non addicts in a methadone treatment facility, general hospital, community therapeutic area and a psychiatric service.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Spirituality Effect on Drug Abuse Treatment Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The self reported assertions of the participants were the method of data collection. Since there were control groups in each facility consisting on none addicts, the research can be generalized. It may also be randomized as the self rating scale was for all users. The authors belong to the group of practi tioners who believe that spirituality improves recovery for some patients (Galanter, 2005). Conclusion The above findings indicate that most authors largely focus on whether spirituality matters in substance abuse. In this research, it will be necessary to look into how it can be used. References Galanter, M. (2005). Spirituality and the healthy mind. Oxford: OUP. Galanter, M., Dermatis, H., Bunt, G., Williams, C., Trujillo, M. Steinke, P. (2006). Assessment of spirituality and its relevance to addiction treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 33, 257-264. Heinz, A., Disney, E., Epstein, D., Glezen, L, Clark, P. and Preston, K. (2010). A focus-group study on spirituality and substance-abuse treatment. Substance Use Misuse 45(2), 134-153 Piedmont, R. (2004). Spiritual transcendence as a predictor of psychosocial outcome from an outpatient substance abuse program. Psychology of Addictive Behaviour, 18, 213-222.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More White, W. Laudet, A. (2006). Spirituality, science and addiction counselling. Counsellor, 7(1), 56-59 This research paper on Spirituality Effect on Drug Abuse Treatment Programs was written and submitted by user Elvis Hodges to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The house of bernarda alba editted Essays

The house of bernarda alba editted Essays The house of bernarda alba editted Essay The house of bernarda alba editted Essay The house of Bernard Alba : My head is bursting with these tolling bells. PONCA: They have been mumbling away for more than two hours now. Oh, thank God were alone for a moment! Scrub everything clean. If Bernard doesnt see things shine, shell pull out of the few hairs I have left. MAID: What a woman! My hands are bleeding from all this scouring. PONCA: She the most immaculate the most decent. She the most superior! Her poor husband has earned a good rest. Damn her! MAID: Shes been good to you. PONCA: Thirty years, washing her sheets, eating her leftovers. Nights watching ever her when she coughs. Entire days peering through the cracks, to spy on the neighbors and bring her gossip. A life with no secrets from each other. And yet damn her! MAID: Ponca! [ the bells ring] PONCA: The last prayer Im going over to listen. I love the way the priest sings! MAID: Yes, yes, toll away! Bring in the coffin with its gold trims and the silk towels to carry it with. In the end youll be the same as me. Rot away, Antonio Maria Bandies, stiff in your woven suit and your high boots! Rot away! Never again will you lift up my skirts behind the back corral!

A Knight Errant and an Arrant Knave

A Knight Errant and an Arrant Knave A Knight Errant and an Arrant Knave A Knight Errant and an Arrant Knave By Maeve Maddox The adjectives errant and arrant have been mixed up for centuries, but modern usage prefers to keep them apart. errant: itinerant, traveling This is the sense present in the term knight errant. The knight roams around looking for maidens to rescue, dragons to slay. Errant is often used to refer to something that has gone astray. Woman struck by errant fire hose dies The Cheonan sinking: The errant mine theory South Berwick Rod Gun Club closed after errant bullet found The word errant can denote error in opinion or conduct. Phuket Police Chief: I Will Pursue Errant Officers (i.e., officers suspected of misconduct) Errant gene may make some people age faster [taking scripture out of context] will inevitably lead to errant teachings and inaccurate assumptions about God’s word. It is only the errant translations and errant teachings of the church that cloud this fact. arrant: notorious, manifest, downright, thoroughgoing, unmitigated One speaks of an arrant fool, an arrant liar, an arrant hypocrite, etc. The word arrant occurs 16 times in the plays of Shakespeare, most frequently in the speech of the low characters. Falstaff: An the Prince and Poins be not two arrant cowards, theres no equity stirring Henry IV, Part One, II, ii Dame Quickly:Yonder he comes; and that arrant malmsey-nose knave, with him. Henry IV, Part Two II,i Robert Shallow: Use his men well, Davy; for [they]are arrant knaves and will backbite. Henry IV Part Two, V,i Dame Quickly: No, thou arrant knave; I would to God that I might die, that I might have thee hangd. Henry IV, Part Two V,iv Gower: Why, this is an arrant counterfeit rascal; I remember him now; a bawd, a cutpurse. Henry V III,vi The blustering Welshman Fluellen in Henry V is especially fond of the word: Kill the poys and the luggage! tis expressly †¨against the law of arms: tis as arrant a piece of †¨knavery, mark you now, as can be offert; (IV,vii) his reputation is as arrant a villain and a Jacksauce, as ever his black shoe trod upon Gods ground (IV,vii) Sblood! an arrant traitor as any is in the universal world, or in France, or in England! Henry V (IV,viii) Your majesty hear now, saving your majestys manhood, what an arrant, rascally, beggarly, lousy knave it is: (IV,viii) The word arrant remains in use, as can be seen in these examples from the web: either [he] is a horrible person, a wretched ghoul†¦or he is an arrant liar under oath,†¦ The mans an arrant womanizer†¦ Their deaths are a tragic commentary on the arrant cowardice of freedom fighters and the inept leadership of those utterly undisciplined terrorists. The man opposite shook his head, catching sight of her at the exact same moment that he did so, arrant disbelief in his eyes. Bottom line: Use errant if you mean wandering, straying, or erroneous. Use arrant if you mean downright, complete, or notorious. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Hang, Hung, HangedEducational vs. Educative

Aristotle eudaimonia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aristotle eudaimonia - Essay Example p practicing the good things, which may entail seeking to excel in one’s career, having good friends and also eating well and staying healthy (Aristotle, 2004). In this respect, Aristotle eudaimonia is an objective kind of happiness or satisfaction that arises out of an individual pursuing the good deeds in life, which in turn enables the individual to achieve the states of good human spirit and satisfaction (Aristotle, 2004). This can simply be interpreted to mean that happiness or satisfaction according to Aristotle eudaimonia is a two-directional approach, which entails both an inward and outward pursuit of goodness. The inward pursuit of goodness entails doing the things that keeps a human being at peace and in a state of satisfaction, such as contentment with the status of his/her work. On the other hand, the outward direction of pursuing goodness entails being generous to others, since altruism is a source of happiness and contentment. Therefore, the concept of Aristotle eudaimonia can simply be summarized as referring to doing good and living well, which in returns derives a feeling of contentment for an individual (Aristotle, 2004). Mean is a concept that has been applied in Aristotle eudaimonia, to refer to the state of balance, which does not entail any of the extremes of excess pleasure on the one hand and excess deficiency or suffering on the other hand (Aristotle, 2004). Thus, the requirement for something to be considered the greatest good is that it should not constitute extreme pleasure that may eventually make a person fail to pursue excellence, and it should not be too much deficient as to make the person feel discontentment (Aristotle, 2004). The achievement of the greatest good therefore means that self-development is pursued as a means of arriving at the state of the individual’s best potential on the hand, and then the pursuit of the most human attitude and attributes for serving others, on the other hand. Through this attempt to perfect

CANTON-MOVIE ARTWORK BY PAUL SAMPLE Research Paper

CANTON-MOVIE ARTWORK BY PAUL SAMPLE - Research Paper Example The artwork was painted by Paul Sample showing US troops in Canton Island in 1946. Canton Island was one of the largest and used by the US navy and air force soldiers as stop over. This found when the United States was just out of the Second World War and it acted as a symbolic feature to the US military troops and the civilians to remind them of the impact of the war. This will also remind them how their military army and combat soldiers defended the country from foreign attacks. The artwork is currently kept in the US military museum in Washington DC alongside other early arts. The artworks provide great encouragement to the troops reminding them of their ancient heroes (Henkes 2001). The physical appearance of the painting shows US military troops keeping surveillance of the enemies. One soldier is portrayed to be on top of the raised hill and one on top of the tree to enable him observes enemies from a far horizon and observes any enemy of aerial attacks. It is also important to note that there is a picture of a movie of a man and woman embracing one another. This can be taken to describe the happy moments in the United States before the second war erupted (Henkes 2001). Clearly looking at the picture, it is true to note that all the military soldiers are glued to the movie. This therefore shows that despite the soldiers being involved in the war, they had time for entrainments. There is a bright moonlight above in the blue sky clearly indicating that it is night hour. This shows that the Americans were ready to fight and defend their country despite all odds and that is why they are keeping vigil even at night. The portrait also clearly shows that the military officers are armed with firearms such as guns ready for any attack from their enemies (Henkes 2001). The ground color in the work is mostly brown and beige, it lacks vegetation, and there are scattered stones around the place. There is no sign of movement of the people in the picture but they are sta tioned at different points in the painting facing different directions. The location of the artwork is on a raised ground probably a hill (Henkes 2001). Interpretation of the Artwork. The visual outlook of the artwork has vividly been explained. From the above description, it is important to note the portrait acts a remembrance to the citizens of the important roles done by the US military and the combat soldiers in maintaining the security of their homeland during the period of Second World War. It also reminds and provides good background information for the new generations of America on the suffering and endurance that their ancient natives underwent during the war to protect the country from attacks (Henkes 2001). The portrait can also be interpreted to show the effects of the Second World War on American economy that deteriorated the economic status of the American citizens due to the mass destruction of property. This can be evident by the bare ground that is on the picture, t he lack of vegetation, and the scattered stones. These show the destruction that took place. It is also evident from the picture that the soldiers also only had simple war weapons, the guns. This can mean that during the Second World War, the US military did not have adequate war equipment and mainly depended on the simple guns for defense (Henkes 2001). The brown color in the painting portrays the endurance of the American citizens during the hard times of the war that also had great effect on their economy besides affecting their social lives. The brown color also indicates unity of the people. The Second World War erupted when there was a great racial discrimination in the United States. The blacks were discriminated against by the whites and they were not

Three Bases for Government Essay Example for Free

Three Bases for Government Essay In government, the Lao-tzu says, it is important that â€Å"the people be kept constantly without knowledge and without desires† (Blythe 1992). Not to be misconstrued as a kind of political technique designed to manipulate or coerce, this means that they be allowed â€Å"to safeguard their true nature.† Government must in the final analysis abide by naturalness and nonaction. The sage ruler naturally never puts himself first or claims credit for his accomplishments. Consequently, the people are not aware that he has brought order and well-being to the world, assuming that the good fortune they enjoy has come about spontaneously. Ultimately the ruler himself must embrace nonaction so as to establish a model to transform the people that is, to enable those under the spell of desires to reclaim their true nature. Specific policies or techniques of government are secondary and must be â€Å"forgotten† if nonaction were to be realized. Government by nonaction is not â€Å"mysterious,† however. It does not involve mystical or esoteric practices, but rests on the claim that the transforming power of Tao, defined in terms of naturalness and exemplified by the ideal sage-ruler, would spontaneously permeate the mind and heart of the people. There is perhaps a degree of optimism to this view, but one which to Wang Pi is well justified. This is because the all-encompassing order of tzu-jan extends to the sociopolitical level. The institution of family and state is not extrinsic to nature. More specifically, the hierarchical structure of sociopolitical institutions reflects the principles governing the Taoist world. This explains Lao-tzus claim that Taoist self-cultivation, which Wang Pi again relates to realizing ones true nature, has a direct impact on the well-being of the family and the country (Blythe 1992). In this light, such concepts as nonaction, quietude acquire a more concrete meaning. In the Ho-shang Kung commentary, these concepts are subsumed under the rubric of â€Å"securing the One† (shou-i). In the Lao-tzu itself, the expression â€Å"embrace the One† (pao-i) is used twice; but Ho-shang Kung prefers the word shou to emphasize the importance of â€Å"securing† what has been â€Å"embraced.† In other words, ideal government, both politically and with respect to the interior life, depends on the rulers ability to acquire and to maintain the â€Å"One,† and to guard against harmful influences. For the ideal but practical, new democratic state, Jefferson coined the word sociocracy. Jefferson’s ideal government is neither individualistic nor collectivist. It consists of a dictatorship of three wise men who represent the technological, the temporal, and the spiritual spheres. Final veto rests in the spiritual officer in whom alone are found wisdom, philosophy, and moral ends. The temporal power, however, acts according to the laws of nature expressed through the social forces, and is guided in all things by social science. Jefferson was fundamentally right in believing that unless sociologists controlled the state, the social problem would never be solved. The first step toward the ideal government, therefore, was to indicate just what the social sciences are, and what they have to contribute to the knowledge of human problems and social progress. Jefferson insisted that the present order is the result of defective knowledge, neglect of moral teaching, and of anarchical habits of egoistic living. To erect the ideal state, the temple of humanity, there must be a consensus of organized philosophy, reformed morality, and permanent nonsupernatural religion. Capital must be moralized, the marriage institution renovated, and every other institution spiritualized by the awakening of the sympathetic instincts enlisted in the service of humanity. To lead and control the positive state, Jefferson offered his philosophy of science which is a scheme of education, a method of government, a school of wisdom, and a form of religion— in brief, a synthesis of mind, feeling and action, crowned by the religion of humanity. Carter also defended his ideal government on the grounds of economic and ethical principles which are closely associated with ach other and with the political principles which formed the basis of the ideal government. His aim was to achieve political and social solidarity through an economic but ethical revolution which would make the introduction of the new order possible and which would sustain and reinforce it after it had been established. The underlying principles of his state are, therefore, as tightly interwoven and as interactive as his aims and this was as it should have been, for Carter regarded society as an organism of the whole-and it was for the achievement of a unified, harmonious whole that he sought a solution. Because of the doctrine of evolution, Carter believed that man could not be considered as an individual apart from his surroundings, for he was born into an environment from whose effects there could be no escape. The problem, therefore, was to adjust mans conduct to the social organism, the whole, of which he was a part or to adjust the social organism so that it would further right conduct and the achievement of action that would be for the good of the whole. Ethics, therefore, became a sociological search â€Å"for right conduct† which was to be defined as the â€Å"stable adjustment of the part to the whole† (Blythe 1992).    References Blythe, J. M. 1992. Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Racial themes in the film To Kill A Mockingbird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

Racial themes in the film To Kill A Mockingbird Racial categories are created in the film To Kill A Mockingbird through a complex societal hierarchy founded in difference. Although all of Macon county lives in poverty, the town does not unite on the basis of this shared experience, but instead focuses on their differences, both real and imagined, to segregate themselves. The town operates under a general assumption that wealthier whites hold the most power and prestige, followed by poorer whites, while all blacks, regardless of financial station, are considered to be the lowest citizens. General depictions of black men and women in the film are of household servants and ignorant, docile farm workers. The only slight indication that there were any educated blacks in Macon comes from the appearance of the preacher at Tom Robinson’s trial. Held on charges of raping and beating a poor, white woman, Mr. Robinson is portrayed as a meek and nearly helpless man. The fact that he can barely speak in his own defense, relays both the idea that black men were uneducated, as well as the idea that blacks were afraid to step over the boundaries of their society. Attics Finch, a kind and fair white lawyer, is the only person to speak up for Mr. Robinson. This demonstrates the idea that the lowly black man needs a benevolent white man to â€Å"save† him and direct his life along the right path. Black men and women in the film are unable to make their own decisions. Clearly, there were obvious lines drawn in Macon, delegating specific roles to the various groups of citi zens. The dark pigment of Mr. Robinson’s skin placed him on the bottom rung of society, forcing him into a subservient position. It is difficult to discern whether the film is attempting to garner sympathy for the oppressed black community, or reinforce stereotypes of ignorant and complacent black men and women. While the initial depictions of the black community center around the Finch’s maid, Calpurnia, the respect with which the family treats her is far from the norm. Ranging from the callous indifference of several of the white law-enforcement officers, to the blatant racism of the group of country farmers, much meaning is assumed from difference. The racism of Macon seems to stem from the Southern history of slavery.

Evaluate the External Corporate Communications

P4: Evaluate the external corporate communications of an existing product or service. Task 4: Evaluate the external corporate communications of an existing product or service. External business communication is the exchange of information and messages between an organization and its external customers outside its formal structure. One way McDonald’s communicates to its external customers is their website. There are many different methods used by the company’s website and these are: the use of images, the use of fonts, Packaging and the page layout.The use of images can enhance a communication to an audience, as we tend to remember more of what we see than what we hear, therefore showing images is a better way of communicated the message to the public, and also helps the audience remember the message. The best ways to communicate through images are to: Ensure the images are relevant to what is being sold or presented, make sure the colours are Co-ordinated, prevent them from being too distracting.These ways will make sure your images gain impact, which will make sure most of your audience will give attention, illustrate the point being made loud and clear, explain something more clearly and make a point very strongly. Fonts are a design for a set of characters. A font is the combination of typeface and other qualities, such as size, pitch, and spacing. For example, Times Roman is a typeface that defines the shape of each character. Within Times Roman, however, there are many fonts to choose from different sizes, italic, bold, and so on.Packaging can be described as the enclosing or protecting of products for distribution, storage, sale and use. Packaging and package labelling have different objectives. Even though they have a role in the physical protection of the product, they also have information with regard to disposal and storage of the packaging. From a corporate communication point of view, businesses can use packaging to encourage potential buyers to purchase the product.Packaging graphic design and physical design have been extremely important are constantly evolving broadly for several decades. Marketing communications and graphic designs are applied to the surface of the package and the point of sale display. A logo is a visual symbol of an organisation, this could vary from the signatures of the Coca-Cola and Cadbury’s to the pure creation of the golden arches (The yellow ‘M’ that symbolises McDonald’s. his is a communication tool that is a basic need to building a brand and communicating with the target audience. Logos are a necessary part of a company’s image and the key to their marketing success As seen on their home screen from the picture above, the company provides an image of one of their promotional products â€Å"The BCO†. McDonald’s also shows images of the three major ingredients of this product and can arguable be its major selling point.The images in th is website are big bright and colourful, which will instantly grab the audience’s attention, another important factor of grabbing attention is the colour of the background, which is red, this colour is known as a passionate and an attention grabbing colour, because of this it gets an instant focus from any individual that’s just passing through the website; however since the red background fades into an orange-like colour behind the BCO, it can give a sizzling hot sensation, which implies that this product is sold hot.The Largest text is the BCO which is colour coordinated in order to help the audience see the individual meaning of each letter which is â€Å"Bacon, Chicken and Onion†. Also with the colours being red orange and yellow. With red being a very emotionally intense colour. It enhances human metabolism, increases respiration rate, and raises blood pressure, orange representing enthusiasm, fascination, happiness, creativity, determination, attraction, s uccess, encouragement, and stimulation, and yellow producing a warming effect that arouses cheerfulness, stimulates mental activity, and generates muscle energy.This shows a lessening from the powerful colour ‘Red’ to the warm and cool colour ‘Yellow’, therefore this shows the different flavours of the burger presented next to the ‘BCO’. The famous Golden Arches in McDonald’s logo represent style, significance and a strong corporate identity. Two prominent shades, golden and red, are used in the McDonald’s logo to represent its bold nature. Golden hue is employed to colour the two arches, now merged to form â€Å"M† in the McDonald’s logo. Nonetheless, the red colour is utilized to fill the background of the distinguished McDonald’s logo.Boldness, power and strong corporate image are truly reflected by the use of these two confident colours. In spite of the â€Å"M† on McDonald’s logo, the insign ia also grips the name of the food chain. â€Å"McDonald’s† has been imprinted in a thoroughly simple font which defines the bold picture of the firm. The simpler the font of the logo, the more radiant it becomes for the spectator. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. ehow. com/ [ 2 ]. http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/F/font. html [ 3 ]. http://www. famouslogos. org/mcdonalds-logo

Impact of rechargeable cars on the Environment Essay

In this essay, I will discuss about the rechargeable batteries used in the rechargeable automobile and the impacts of these batteries to the pollution of the urban environment. Scientists are moving fast to give new inventions to the world and rechargeable automobile batteries are the latest topic of the automobile world. Due to excessive gasoline consumption, the scientists are working on electric cars and on the rechargeable batteries. The gasoline consumption creates pollution and it is proved by researches that the consumption should be decreased to save the environment. Now the question is that is the rechargeable battery save the environment from the pollution? The answer of the question is discussed below: The impact of the rechargeable batteries depends on the source of electricity. Most of the people think that the rechargeable or the hybrid cars (in other words electric cars) are environment friendly because they think that it is using refined and environment friendly energy but research professors show another side of the rechargeable batteries. According to them, the pollution depends upon the source of electricity. They say that most of the countries generate their electricity from fossil fuels, oil and gasoline. If a country or state is generating their electricity from the fossil fuels or gasoline, then the impact of the batteries will be worst because every time when they will need to recharge the battery, they need electricity and in that sense, the consumption of the electricity will increase and the environment will be polluted (Laura Williams). The Ohio university research shows that the hybrid cars and the use of the rechargeable batteries affect the environment. The reason is that the material which is used in the batteries is more harmful than the conventional batteries. The batteries are to be recharged after 350 miles and after every 350 miles, the electricity is needed for recharging. So the source of the electricity concerns a lot (Ohio University). Ozone layer is a very important topic of environment. The batteries damage ozone layer which creates bundle of problems and harms. The radioactive rays actually damage the ozone layer which is really harmful and creates many diseases. So every time when a battery is recharged, it will exhaust the rays which are really harmful. Moreover, recycling of the battery should be proper and if it is not proper, then the environment will have to suffer (Baig, Naqvi, Qureshi). It is true that temporarily rechargeable batteries are seems to be more beneficial than the other sources but the study shows that we are paying a lot in the sense of environment pollution. The impacts of the rechargeable batteries on the environment are everlasting and longterm (Conger, 2010). By the above discussion, it can be concluded that rechargeable batteries are facilitating the world but we can’t deny from this fact that they are harmful for the environment. In hybrid cars, rechargeable batteries are used so, consumption of diesel or fuel is less and the smoke arising from diesel or fuel does not exhaust the environment but it does not mean that it is not exhausting anything. So if we see its effects on temporary basis, then we will come to the conclusion that it is environment friendly but on the ground levels that its effects are worst (Clean up Australia).

Hitting the Nail on the Head

Hitting the Nail on the Head Hitting the Nail on the Head Hitting the Nail on the Head By Maeve Maddox Somewhere, in an email or on Facebook or on a news blog, I saw this: But she hammered the head on the nail with this quote. How odd, I thought. Shouldn’t it be, â€Å"she hammered the nail on the head†? A Google search brings up 683,000 results for â€Å"hit the head on the nail† compared to 1,580,000 for â€Å"hit the nail on the head.† The phrase â€Å"the head on the nail† registers on the Ngram Viewer, but barely, compared to â€Å"the nail on the head.† The earliest citation of the expression in the OED is dated 1438. It’s not so easy to hit a nail squarely on the head. For that reason, â€Å"to hit the nail on the head† is a term of approbation. Figuratively, people who hit the nail on the head succeed in accomplishing what they are aiming for. Most of the examples I’ve found of the reversed idiom have been in readers’ comments, but I have found a few in presumably professional writing. For example, this one, with inexplicable hyphenation, is from a technical review: You have to remember though that Apple may or may not be upgrading the iPad again before the end of the year (this comes from John Gruber a known Apple pundit that tends to hit-the-head-on-the-nail when it comes to Apple rumors). A site dedicated to test preparation has this topic header: SAT Improvement or Hit the head on the nail This one is from a sports blog: These commercials are coolbut rarely do they hit the head on the nail of a player like Nike has done with these Calvin Johnson, P. Diddy advertisements. I found one example in which the reversal seems intended to be humorous: I could try for a long time to hit the head on the nail (as one of my writing students once said)- Writing advice site A review of the film Fifty Shades of Grey includes the following bit of dialogue: Christian – Have you been drinking?   Ana – Yup, you hit the head on the nail. It could be that this reversal is the result of Ana’s alcohol-impaired thinking. Changing â€Å"hit the nail on the head† to â€Å"hit the head on the nail† is jarring, to say the least. Writers who wish to be taken seriously will avoid doing it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business Letter36 Poetry TermsPresent Participle as Adjective

Presidential Bill Signing Statements - Purposes and Legality

Presidential Bill Signing Statements - Purposes and Legality A bill signing statement is an optional written directive issued by the President of the United States upon signing a bill into law. Signing statements are typically printed along with the text of the bill in the United States Code Congressional and Administrative News (USCCAN). Signing statements typically begin with the phrase â€Å"This bill, which I have signed today†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and continue with a synopsis of the bill and several paragraphs of often-political commentary on how the bill should be enforced. In his article Imperial Presidency 101-the Unitary Executive Theory, Civil Liberties Guide Tom Head refers to presidential signing statements as being documents in which the president signs a bill but also specifies which parts of a bill he or she actually intends to enforce. On the face of it, that sounds terrible. Why even have Congress go through the legislative process if presidents can unilaterally re-write the laws it enacts? Before flatly condemning them, there are some things you need to know about presidential signing statements. Source of the Power   The presidents legislative power to issue signing statements is based in Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution, which states that the president shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed... Signing statements are considered to be one way in which the president faithfully executes the laws passed by Congress. This interpretation is supported by the U.S. Supreme Courts 1986 decision in the case of Bowsher v. Synar, which held that ... interpreting a law enacted by Congress to implement the legislative mandate is the very essence of execution of the law. Purposes and effect of signing statements In 1993, the Department of Justice attempted to define the four purposes for presidential signing statements and the constitutional legitimacy of each: To simply explain what the bill will do and how it will benefit the people: No controversy here.To instruct the responsible Executive Branch agencies on how the law should be administered: This use of signing statements, says the Justice Department, is constitutional and is upheld by the Supreme Court in Bowsher v. Synar. Executive Branch officials are legally bound by the interpretations contained in presidential signing statements.To define the presidents opinion of the laws constitutionality: More controversial than the first two, this use of the signing statement typically has one of at least three sub-purposes: to identify certain conditions under which the president thinks all or parts of the law could be ruled unconstitutional; to frame the law in a manner that would save it from being declared unconstitutional; to state that the entire law, in the presidents opinion, unconstitutionally usurps his authority and that he will refuse to enforce it.Through Republican and Democrati c administrations, the Department of Justice has consistently advised presidents that the Constitution gives them the authority to refuse to enforce laws they believed to be clearly unconstitutional, and that expressing their intent through a signing statement is a valid exercise of their constitutional authority.On the other hand, it has been argued that it is the president’s constitutional duty to veto and refuse to sign bills he or she believes to be unconstitutional. In 1791, Thomas Jefferson, as the nation’s first Secretary of State, advised President George Washington that the veto â€Å"is the shield provided by the constitution to protect against the invasions of the legislature [of] 1. the rights of the Executive 2. of the Judiciary 3. of the states and state legislatures.† Indeed, past presidents including Jefferson and Madison have vetoed bills on constitutional grounds, even though they supported the bills’ underlying purposes. To create a type of legislative history intended to be used by the courts in future interpretations of the law: Criticized as an attempt by the president to actually invade Congress turf by taking an active part in the law-making process, this is clearly the most controversial of all the uses for signing statements. The president, they argue, attempts to amend legislation passed by Congress through this type of signing statement. According to the Justice Department, the legislative history signing statement originated in the Reagan Administration. In 1986, then-Attorney General Meese entered into an arrangement with the West Publishing Company to have presidential signing statements published for the first time in the U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News, the standard collection of legislative history. Attorney General Meese explained the purpose of his actions as follows: To make sure that the Presidents own understanding of whats in a bill is the same . . . or is given consideration at the time of statutory construction later on by a court, we have now arranged with the West Publishing Company that the presidential statement on the signing of a bill will accompany the legislative history from Congress so that all can be available to the court for future construction of what that statute really means. The Department of Justice offers views both supporting and condemning presidential signing statements through which presidents seems to take an active role in the lawmaking process: In Support of Signing Statements  Ã‚   The president has a constitutional right and political duty to play a integral role in the legislative process. Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution requires that the president shall from time to time recommend to [Congress] Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. Further, Article I, Section 7 requires that to become and actual law, a bill requires the presidents signature. If he [the president] approve it he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated. In his widely acclaimed The American Presidency, 110 (2d ed. 1960), author Clinton Rossiter, suggests that over time, the president has become a sort of prime minister or third House of Congress. . . . [H]e is now expected to make detailed recommendations in the form of messages and proposed bills, to watch them closely in their tortuous progress on the floor and in committee in each house, and to use every honorable means within his power to persuade . . . Congress to give him what he wanted in the first place. Thus, suggests the Justice Department, it may be appropriate for the president, through signing statements, to explain what his (and Congress) intention was in making the law and how it will be implemented, particularly if the administration had originated the legislation or played a significant part in moving it through Congress. Opposing Signing Statements The argument against a president using signing statements to alter Congress intent as to meaning and enforcement of new laws is once again based in the constitution. Article I, Section 1 clearly states, All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Not in a Senate and House and a president. Along the long road of committee consideration, floor debate, roll call votes, conference committees, more debate and more votes, the Congress alone creates the legislative history of a bill. It can also be argued that by attempting to reinterpret or even nullify parts of a bill which he has signed, the president is exercising a type of line-item veto, a power not currently bestowed on presidents. Tough the practice pre-dates his administration, some of the signing statements issued by President George W. Bush were criticized for including language that too extensively changing the meaning of the bill. In July 2006, a task force of the American Bar Association stated that the use of signing statements to modify the meaning of duly enacted laws serves to â€Å"undermine the rule of law and our constitutional system of separation of powers.† Summary The recent use of presidential signing statements to functionally amend legislation passed by Congress remains controversial and is arguably not within the scope of powers granted to the president by the Constitution. The other less controversial uses of signing statements are legitimate, can be defended under the Constitution and can be useful in the long-term administration of our laws. Like any other power, however, the power of presidential signing statements can be abused.

Challenges in the Global Business Environment Assignment - 2

Challenges in the Global Business Environment - Assignment Example In few countries, for example in United States the unethical practice is offering bribery to officials and this is considered as highly unacceptable (Bruner et al, 2003). This paper will focus on the challenges faced by the Coca-Cola Company and how the company has eliminated it by using the code of ethical conduct and appropriate strategies. The US beverage business is a multifaceted and global combination of various businesses which supply a large amount of energy drinks that is consumed by world population. It includes local, regional and international regulations for the production and sale of soft drinks and other energy drinks, including their quality and safety, advertising and marketing, and business lobbying activities. The US beverage business comprises of soft drinks, sport drinks, juice drinks and energy drinks. The target group is young adults, teenagers and people between the ages of 18-34 years. The company chosen is Coca-Cola which was formed by Dr. John Stith Pemberton and today it is considered as the number one beverage corporation in the entire world. It is the most renowned brand in the world with almost 500 brands and above than 1.6 billion (bn) products are sold to consumers each day in further than 190 countries. It offers variety of nonalcoholic beverages such as light and diet soft drinks, juice drinks, waters, coffees, teas, and sports and energy drinks. To maintain sustainable growth, it was the first company in the US to go global (Lussier, 2011). Other than diet coke and coca-cola, it also sells other commercial brands such as Minute Maid, Dasani water and PowerAde (Ferrell et al, 2009). The key issues which are critical for success of the Coca-Cola Company are: to capture the sustainable expansion with exact focus on rising global markets in country such as Russia, India, Brazil, and China; to execute innovation enabled approaches; and creating

The Constitution a Controversial Document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Constitution a Controversial Document - Essay Example The paper tells that the constitution was drafted after a successful civil revolt from the British rule in 1787. It was the result of a highly successful collaborative effort composed of leaders of high repute and regard from the original founding 13 colonies of our great American nation. However, the fact that it was created by representatives from 13 colonies in itself was already a controversial idea and, at the time, few thought it would succeed. It was because of the various thoughts, mindsets, and vested interests in the new country that the Constitution was eventually seen, even though the 13 states had agreed upon its content, as a controversial document as it was being written. Â  Since the constitution was created during an era when there was no technology such as the internet or 24 hour news television to show the public what was going on between the 55 state delegates during the drafting of the constitution, we only recently came to understand how the process was actuall y quite divisive and could have resulted in a civil war between the states soon after the war against Britain ended. That is because in an atmosphere that combined competitive, lively debate with tolerance and respect for differences of opinion, the delegates reached vital compromises on matters that threatened to divide the still loosely connected union of states. Many different factions opposed one another—small states versus large states, farmers versus businesspeople, North versus South, and slave states versus non-slave states.

Beginning of the slave trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Beginning of the slave trade - Essay Example Many countries such as United States, France, Britain and Germany also joined the trade as they continued colonizing Africa to expand their businesses (Rodriguez 81). The trade was massive to the extent that it was traded in a certain triangle across the world. The tremendous growth of the trade led to the emergence of various significant slave-trading routes. For instance, the growth of the trade led to the emergence of the Trans-Sahara slave trade and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. Countries that practiced slave trade developed tremendously; their businesses boomed as they registered incredible profits from their trading activities. This is because they exploited the available cheap labor (slaves) thus significantly reducing their costs of production. However, their wealth did not only come from the slave trade but also from the resources obtained from African countries. These countries traded gold and other mineral substances, which was an extremely lucrative business at that time (Rodriguez 81). After many years passed, late in the 1800, slave trade began collapsing after the public, activists and humanitarian bodies established strong campaigns against the trade. The end of the trade slowly began by certain countries such as United States withdrawing as other countries followed. However, it took some time before European countries such as Portugal to withdraw, despite the United States having done

Lowering the Freezing Point of Water

Lowering the Freezing Point of Water It is common knowledge that the freezing point of pure water is at 0 degrees centigrade or 32 degrees ferinheight. However, is it possible to keep water in its liquid state below that freezing point? It is indeed possible, and people have been using this principle for centuries! Traveling back to the 1600s we find King Charles I of England dining with his lords and ladies. The final course is the epicurean delight of ice cream. It is doubtful that King Charles I understood the scientific principle of depressing the freezing point of a solution; nevertheless, at that time it was impossible to make ice cream without freezing the crà ¨me by depressing the freezing point of water below 0 degrees centigrade (Zinger, 2005). Today, principalities spread salt on icy roads in order to â€Å"melt† the ice. In actuality, the salt is merely depressing the freezing point of the water, allowing the roads to remain ice free even while the temperatures are below 0 degrees centigrade. To comprehend freezing point depression, you must first understand freezing point. Simply put, it is considered the temperature at which a liquid changes into its solid phase. However, it can also be thought of as the temperature at which the liquid and solid phases are at equilibrium with the atmospheric, or vapor, pressure around it. Freezing occurs as water molecules become ordered into a crystalline lattice. Scientists have long known about the phenomenon that when you add a solute to a solvent, the freezing point lowers, or depresses. Freezing point depression is a colligative property. Colligative properties are the properties of solutions that depend on the number of molecules in a solvent. It does not depend on the properties of the individual molecules in the solution (Prentice-Hall, 1972). As an example, when you create a solution by adding sodium chloride as the solute, to the solvent of water, the freezing temperature of the solution decreases. The increase of the number of solute particles of the solution interferes with the development of the crystalline structure, therefore the freezing process is delayed (Newton, 1999). Freezing point depression can be expressed mathematically as: ΔT = i Kf m. The ΔT equals change in temperature, i equals the number of particles into which the solute dissociates, m equals the moles of the solute per kilogram of solvent, and Kf equals the molal freeing point constant (for water, Kf = 1.853 C/m) (thinkquest, 2010). As discussed, solutes interfere with the shifting of a liquid to a solid state. The colligative properties relate to the number of solute particles in a solution. The greater the solute particles there are in a solution, the greater the decrease in freezing temperature. If 10 grams of sodium chloride were added to 100 grams of water, the freezing point would drop to -5.9 degrees centigrade. However if 10 grams of sucrose were added to 100 grams of water, the water solutions freezing point would only drop to -0.56 degrees centigrade. Why the dramatic difference between the two? After all, the same amount of sucrose and sodium chloride was added to the same amount of water. The answer lies in the number of particles in each solute. There are more particles in 10 grams of sodium chloride then there are in 10 grams of sucrose. Sucrose, C12 H22 O11, has a molecular weight of 342.3 grams per mole. Sodium Chloride on the other hand, has a molecular weight of 58.44 grams per mole. Sodium Ch loride has almost six times as many particles than sucrose has in the same number of grams. Therefore, the sodium chloride solution has a lower freezing point than the sucrose solution (Chemistry Explained, 2010). Not only is it possible to quantify the depression of the freezing point of a solution, it is possible to predict how far the freezing point will be decreased. According to the principles of the colligative properties, it doesnt matter what the physical properties of the solute added to the solution may be. The only determining factor is the number of particles in the solution. Therefore, if you double the amount of sodium chloride in a solution, the depression of the freezing point will be double the original solution. The original question of, â€Å"is it possible to keep water in its liquid state below that freezing point?†, has most assuredly been answered with a resounding yes. Not only can it be lowered, that lowering can be understood, quantified and predicted. In the experiment phase of this project, the scientific method will be used to assess the validity of this research. King Charles I of England would be surprised to know that his epicurean delight of ice cream paved the way for the discoveries of colligative properties and lowering the freezing point of water. Bibliography A Brief History of Ice Cream, http://www.zingersicecream.com/history.htm Colligative Properties, http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/Colligative-Properties.html Solutions and Colligative Properties: Colligative Properties, http://library.thinkquest.org/C006669/data/Chem/colligative/colligative.html W.J. Moore, Physical Chemistry Prentice-Hall 1972

Pros and Cons of Facebook Essay -- Social Networking, Social Media

Facebook Dangers Because students often post detailed and specific information on Facebook (including phone numbers, addresses, class schedules, social plans, etc.) you can be more easily stalked by strangers (or even acquaintances). Identity theft can also be a significant risk of social networking. Personal details like your full name, names of your family members, your phone number, birthday, address, and place of employment can all be used by identity thieves. "Passport-style" profile photos also make it easier for identity thieves to replicate your online presence. Catfishing: Coined from the independent film "Catfish," which follows a filmmaker who discovers the truth about the online relationship he has been conducting with a woman whom he has never met, "catfishing" occurs when a user creates a false or highly-exaggerated social media profile for the purposes of conducting a relationship online. Some profiles are created out of boredom or loneliness, while others are created to exact revenge or cause embarrassment to the targeted party. Common signs[1] that you are being catfished can include: Inability to contact the other party "in person" - their cell phone is broken or has been stolen, they will not use Skype or SnapChat, they will not or cannot meet you in public despite the seriousness of your relationship. Their photographs appear to be highly edited, stylized, or otherwise unrealistic. You can search Google by image file in order to determine whether the photos you've received are legitimate. Details of their personal life consistently changing, or they have a life story that seems unbelievable or outlandish. If the relationship becomes too intense, they may develop a life-threatening illness, or... ...ion about you[3]. Using a group photo for your profile picture can also make it more difficult for thieves to replicate your identity online. Be prepared to answer questions about your social networking page or other social account in job interviews. It has become common for interviewers to ask applicants, "Are you on a social networking site?" and "What is on your profile?" Be prepared to either decline the question or answer honestly because employers will most likely look at your social networking account themselves... if they haven't already. [1] "Everything You Need to Know About the Catfishing Epidemic," DigitalTrends.com, Molly McHugh, August 23, 2013 [2] "Tracking Twitter, Raising Red Flags" The New York Times, Pete Thamel, March 30, 2012 [3] "Identity Theft on Social Media: Are You at Risk?" Better Business Bureau, Katie Burgoyne, June 20, 2013

My Best Holiday Celebration Essay

  Syria is a mixture of cultures , it combines between Christians and Muslims , as 30% of the population is Christians and the rest is Muslims ; people in this country celebrate together the same holiday festivities whereas Christians have many holiday celebrations such as the head of the year , and Muslims have two per a year such as ead feter and ead adha . And one of the best holiday celebrations ever was ead feter which we celebrate it for many reasons. One major reason of this holiday is to break the fast after thirty days without eating from the sunrise till sunset . And during this thirty days , people sit together sharing a large dinner then they watch many series and competitive programs on the TV . Moreover , most of them stay awake till evening telling each other stories and comics , and as Islamic people share the celebration of the head of the year with Christians , also Christians people share the dinner and the celebration with them. Furthermore , the important part of this celebration is the communication between families, whereas after this thirty days all the members of every family should visit each other, and across the generations the older instructs the younger , and the younger enlivens the older. In the same way , even who are unconnected by blood they should at least call each other on the phone and say hello , such as friends or neighbors. Another reason is to remind rich people to donate the poor people by many ways . For instance , there is something called Zakat which is mean that people should donate 2.7% of their money account for poor people by hand instead of philanthropic organization .In addition, neighbors exchange each other (rich people to poor people) the food they made to make close relations gather together. Other important reasons exist , but in conclusion ,I can tell from this celebration that the familiarity and the intimacy between all the members of the society such as friends even different religions , families , and neighbors all in all can be stronger and closer much more than any days during the year.

Education policy Essay

Security, quality education, access to healthcare, prospects of a reasonable job on merit and sound economy are the ingredients to be provided by the state to its citizens to run the state and the society smoothly. Growth of successful nations is denoted particularly to the education. There was a time when people believed that higher education should be available to people of all social classes and, obviously, it was freely available to all who wanted it. The fact that it is not, that public education was once available and now it is very hard to access is indicative of deep problems in Pakistan. Encouraging colleges and universities to raise their own resources by charging higher fees has clearly excluded a significant section of students belonging to poor sections of the society. Education in Pakistan is now so expensive that poor can’t even imagine of their children becoming doctors and engineers. Our education system is passing through a very bad phase now and it is regarded as perhaps amongst the poorest in the world. Cream of the Pakistani brain is either becoming idle due to non-availability of ever rising cost of education or going to other countries. UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS Article 1 provides; every child has the right to have equal access to an education, irrespective of their color, creed, nationality, ethnicity, or social and financial status, so they may obtain gainful employment and contribute to the growth of their society, being born free and equal in dignity and rights. Life for a common man in Pakistan in this so called â€Å"democratic† regime has already become difficult owing to the all-round price rise across the country. Inflation, combined with policies of privatization, has caused a complete deterioration in living standards of the people. Frankly speaking, there is no such thing as democracy in Pakistan. This type of â€Å"democracy† has often left the common man in constant struggle for survival. Majority of Pakistanis are living in poverty and unsustainable economic conditions; when they are struggling for their livelihood education loses its utility in their eyes and it becomes far from their desire. But for the riches and powerful corrupt politicians, things are very rosy. Pakistan is suffering terribly for that, with socio-political and economic crises strewn all over the society like a straw hut in a typhoon. Lack of good education and unemployment in Pakistan would contribute many social ills, including crime, prostitution, and the break down in law and order. In Pakistan, providing education to the masses had always been state responsibility. Now there has been a major push for the private provision of educational services. Moreover, corrupt politicians, feudalism, injustice are such problems which have further pressed the most pressed people of the country. Education is a tremendous tool for social change as well as an opportunity out of poverty traps. People trapped in the lower classes have trouble climbing out of it because they lack the tools to do so, because they live in a feudal society that actively works to keep them there, and education can be a form of escape hatch. But Education System in Pakistan In Human development Report Pakistan is placed at 136th position for having just 49. 9% educated population. In addition to that, Pakistan is ranked at 113th out of 120 registered UN members according to the research conducted by UNESCO et. all. Some of the very basic flaws of the education system in Pakistan contribute to the economic, ethnic and sociopolitical crisis within the country. Flaws of Education System in Pakistan Firstly, the education system of Pakistan is based on unequal lines. Medium of education is different in both, public and private sector. This create a sort of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments. Such a distraught infrastructure is a basic cause of high illiteracy rate in Pakistan and high drop out rates in rural areas and public school. Secondly, regional disparity is also a major cause. The schools in Balochistan (the largest province of Pakistan by Area) are not that much groomed as that of Punjab (the largest province Of Pakistan by Population). In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29. 5% in males and 3% in females. The third major cause of flawed education system in Pakistan is gender discrimination. The current primary school ratio of boys and girls is 10:4, which is a cause of huge concern. For the last few years there has been an increase in the growth of private schools. It is believed that Pakistan is among the most prominent states affected by gender discrimination. That not only harms the quality of education in Pakistan but create a gap among haves and have nots. Fourthly, the lack of technical education is a biggest flaw in the education policy that has never been focused before. Therefore, less technical people means low standard of education. Fifthly, the allocation of funds for education are very low. It is only 1. 5 to 2. 0 percent of the total GDP. It should be around 7% of the total GDP. At that budget allocation, the illiteracy rate in Pakistan would not decrease but rather increase. The federal and provincial governments need to cut down their expenditures in other areas and spend a bigger proportion of income on education. Moreover, the quality of education in most of the public schools and colleges is well below par; the teachers in government schools are not well trained. People who do not get job in any other sector, they try their luck in educational system. They are not professionally trained teachers so they are unable to train a nation. Quality of teaching needs special attention in rural areas where the teachers lack in all departments. In America, Europe and most of the developed countries, the emphasis of the states is on developing virtual education systems i. e. provision of education through online networks. The idea of online education is gathering momentum and many online institutions have been set up which offer online courses and online degrees. The Higher Education Commission and Education ministry need to focus on developing a strong online education network so that students through out the country can benefit. Universities such as Harvard, Berkley and MIT are offering online courses and degrees. It reflects the importance of online education in today’s modern high tech world. Finally, Poverty is also another factor that restrict the parents to send their children to public or private schools. So, they prefer to send their children to Madrassas where education is totally free. The government has to make changes to financial infrastructure to improve the situation. Bank loans for education purposes should not be interest based as it discourages the people of Pakistan to acquire loans. Education loans are offered at low rates through out the world and it enable people to acquire quality education. Social awareness regarding all these issues need to be spread and we, the people of Pakistan have to work hand in hand with the government authorities to improve the current system. Our children should not be deprived of their basic right to acquire knowledge. All these issues contribute to high illiteracy rate, which in turn result in economic crisis in shape of high unemployment rate and below-par quality of labor. Moreover, the country suffers on social, political and technological front! There are hundred other problems which need attention but the core-issues need to be addressed as soon as possible. You can read my article Pakistan’s Educational System which is an overview of the education infra-structure within the country. In today’s world, the benchmark for excellence is education. Moreover, if a country has a distraught academic infrastructure, the chances to survive in current competitive world are petite. The illiteracy rate in Pakistan is alarmingly high which calls for critical attention. The federal and provincial governments need to work together towards elimination of flaws of education system in Pakistan. The first time I thought about education and its significance to this society was when I went on a field trip to a school set up by an NGO in the late 1990s. It is now a rightly famous NGO but back then during my sixth grade field trip it just seemed like a project of a group of cranky Karachi businessmen who had decided to spit against the wind of the government’s non-interest in providing education to its people. These rich grouches had  gotten together in the chaos of 1995 Karachi and seeing the government more interested in massacring hard-boiled militants than provide social services, they decided to simply pool their own money and build their own schools. How benevolent of them. I would love to see these rich men’s tax receipts. The citizens of a country shouldn’t be dependent on the benevolent charity of rich men. Through their own democratic political process, citizens must enforce upon their richest members the income taxes necessary to fund an education system that reaches every child in the state. The fact that Pakistanis have not done so points towards the weakness of their political system in dealing with its population’s educational needs. There is no real shortcut from the state actually enforcing a tax system that extracts the adequate revenue needed to fund the creation of a school near every human settlement in Pakistan. The goal I have described of having a school near every human settlement in Pakistan, is what Pakistan is obligated to do under its current international treaties and the simplest and most straightforward way it can be done. It is certainly not impossible. Pakistan has managed to make sure that no human settlement lacks a mosque. The same needs to be done for schools. Where we went wrong Nationalisation of schools, as was done by the Z. A. Bhutto administration, was a shortcut that cannot be used, and was actually instrumental in ruining government schools. The provincial governments that ran education departments became overstretched then to the point of breaking. The schools that were nationalised saw the prospect of future capital and human investment in them pointless, as the former owners were now dispossessed of their old stake in the schools. Good teachers left, rather than become government employees to be posted in far flung places, and the lack of good teacher training colleges, a necessity unacknowledged up until recently, saw little competent replacement. By nationalising the missionary (Christian), faith-based (Muslim) and private schools, an unwieldy, unplanned expansion of Pakistan’s school system reduced the status of government school teachers to the corrupted, incompetent, ineffective place it finds itself in today. Teachers do not come to classes, and if they do, they are ill-prepared to teach. It becomes difficult to weed out and penalise underperforming teachers because their status as government employees prevents them from being penalised as they would be in the private sector. As much as this rhetoric may sound similar to the United States, Pakistan’s teachers’ unions continue to shelter wildly incompetent teachers, who beyond being simply bad at teaching, many times do not even show up. Anti-participatory environment We are not helped either by large class sizes, low teacher to student ratios, non-production of teachers in a sufficient quantity and quality by the low number of Pakistani teacher-training colleges. Central to this remains the criminally low expenditure on education by Pakistan, and the failure to collect or divert enough revenue to the education sector. Taking the education emergency of Pakistan seriously would mean finding means to increase the amounts spent on education in Pakistan, on a war footing. Students cannot themselves push for an effective learning environment. Despite the fact that some students actually do want to learn, the environment that exists in classrooms, does not brook dissent. This discourages students from bringing up flaws in their educational setting. This anti-participatory environment in classrooms is facilitated by excessively large class sizes, which discourages teachers from having more individualised interactions with students. This anti-participatory trend in classrooms is complemented by an anti-democratic trend in schools, where no voting is done to elect new prefects or monitors, rather the relevant students are appointed by the school administration. Giving students an opportunity to actually vote for their school leaders might inculcate democratic and participatory values in them at an earlier age, and teach them the responsibility of making their own decisions. If and when these students reach Pakistani universities, they can adequately recognise the entrenched authoritarianism accumulated in many of Pakistan’s universities over the last three decades. Student politics This persistent anti-democratic trend within Pakistan’s educational establishments has reinforced the low academic quality of these institutions. There is little legitimate input from the student bodies on how their education is conducted. Since the 1980s student union elections have been either banned or delayed, witnessing unrest in a violent country like Pakistan ripple into campuses as violence, as opposed to measured  debate. The situation turned chaotic in the 1990s when the general mayhem of the city of Karachi coincided with violence on the Karachi University campus. The presence of such violence made the students of that decade disinterested in participatory politics. This suited the authoritarian and bureaucratic administrations of varsities, as well as the sclerotic, unelected leadership of Pakistan’s political parties. They did not mind that the students of Pakistan slid into political apathy. However, the importance of student politics was re-kindled in the 2007 lawyer-led movement against the dictatorship of General Musharraf. The importance of student politics was even acknowledged by the government that won against Musharraf in 2008, when it lifted the ban on student and trade union elections. However, the twist in the tale has been the glaring domestic democratic deficit of this government. The anti-participatory atmosphere on campuses has not lifted as no memorable student elections have been held. Neither have any well-publicised trade union elections been held. And most significantly, no internal party elections have been held in any party that maintains a decisive number of seats in parliament. What the lack of student democracy has to do with Pakistan’s state of education is that there is no feedback from students, who are the objects of education. There is no diminishment in the cruel authoritarian atmosphere of Pakistani government classrooms, where teachers, in negligent enough environments can still use sticks to punish students. I never really thought about education in society as a child. That would have been expected of any 11 year old. But when I visited a third grade NGO school classroom in the late ’90s and saw another 11 year old struggling with phrases I would read just for fun, it hit me how serious the problem of illiteracy was for Pakistani society. In a misbegotten decade as that one, beyond the Gordian knot we had witnessed of Karachi’s bloody politics, the reality of children’s mis-education struck me as a crueler fate, a dire issue that had to be resolved immediately. That’s because these ill-educated children would not remain children much longer. They would soon be badly-educated adults. And if this cruel act of omission by Pakistani society was not amended quick enough, then one more generation would see their adulthoods wasting away under the 21st century curse of illiteracy. Tax the rich, teach the kids. We have an education emergency on our hands. The Education System of Pakistan is divided into five levels 1. Primary level (Class 1 to 5) 2. Middle level (Class 5 to 8th) 3. Secondary level (S. S. C) 4. Intermediate level (H. S. C) 5. University level (Graduation, Masters and Research) Another division of Education System in Pakistan according to the School System 1. 1.  Public Schools or Government Schools These schools are managed and financed by the government. Unfortunately, the majority of the schools are in poor condition.  » There is no any merit system; teachers and other staff are appointed by the ministers on their own wishes.  » There is no any accountability; a large number of GHOST SCHOOLS AND GHOST TEACHERS are listed in the documents. They are receiving funds and pays, but, in reality they did not exists.  » In Rural areas, the buildings of public schools are mostly held by Waderas and Feudal. They use them as marriage halls, otaks, bethaks etc. â€Å"Public schools are the nurseries of all vice and immorality. † (Henry Fielding) 1. 2. Elite Class Schools (private schools) Due to badly failure of government in providing the Education, the Elite Class Education System in Pakistan got successes very quickly. Today, even poor prefer to send their child in these private schools but because of high fee structure many aspirants are unable to part this Education System. It is generally accepted that, the standard of Elite Class Education System is more reliable and first-rate than Public Schools and Madarsas. There is accountability, transparency and checking system. Generally, the students of private schools are more competent than those of public schools and Madarsas. The government should take lessons from this Education System. These are successive models for the government i. e. CITY SCHOOL, BEACON SCHOOLS, PAK-TURK SCHOOLS etc. 1. 3. Madarsas Madarsas are the largest NGOs of the world. Today in Pakistan about 8000 Madarsas are working. They provide not only Education but also accommodation and food. They provide Islamic as well as worldlyEducation. Mostly, poor parents who are unable to educate their child prefer this Education System. The government should introduce the reforms for the Madarsas and improve their standard. This will be helpful in two ways. Firstly, it will provide free of cost education to poor child. Secondly, it will lessen the burden the government. Before the 18th Amendment, the EducationSystem in Pakistan was the responsibility of Federal Government. The Ministry of Education at Federal level was responsible for formulating Policies, Planning and Promotion of Educational facilities across the country. But, after the passing of 18th Amendment, the responsibilities of Education System are divided among the Federation and the Provinces. The responsibilities of the Provinces 1. To set the Curriculum 2. To set the Syllabus 3. Standards of Education up to Grade 12 (F. Sc, H. S. C, I. Com, etc). 4. Islamic Education The responsibilities of Federation are following 1. Planning and Policy 2. External Affairs; Signing, implementation and monitoring of Bilateral and Multi-lateral Educational Agreements, Pacts, Protocols, MoUs 3. Controlling of Libraries, museums, and similar institutions 4. Federal agencies i. e. FATA 5. Special Studies 6. Inter-provincial matters and co-ordination. † 7. Legal, medical and other professions. 8. National planning and national economic coordination including planning and coordination of scientific and technological research. 9. National Education Policy and clear cut Domain over the following acts. 1. 1. Centres of Excellence Act 1974 2. Area Study Centres Act 1975 3. Pakistan Study Centres Act 1976 4. National Book Foundation Act 1972 5. Fed. Board of Intermediate & Sec Education Act 1975 6. Federal Directorate of Education Isb. [Article 142 (d)] 7. Federal Supervision of Curricula, Textbooks and Standards of Education Act 1976 8. National Education Foundation Ordinance 2002. Source: http://www. defence. pk/forums/national-political-issues/125588-education-system-pakistan-good-bad. html#ixzz2PKkMjbtM Flaws hovering over Pakistan’s education system Filed under ISSUES 0 According to the reports of Human development our country is placed at 136th with just 49. 9 percent educated population. There is lack of uniform education system. Private and Govt. educational institutions has different syllabus. The flaws in education system lead to sociopolitical, economic and ethical issues in our society. Our education system is based on uneven lines. Even the medium of education is different in private and public educational institutions. This inequality has divided people among two segments. Such a distressed educational infrastructure is a crucial cause of increasing rate of illiteracy in Pakistan. The regional discrepancy is also main reason illiteracy in Pakistan. The schools in largest province of Pakistan Baluchistan are not establish and sparked as schools in Punjab. There is lack of awareness among people about the significance of education. In FATA the literacy rate is very poor constituting 29. 5% in men and 3% in women. The gender discrimination is also one of the major causes of educational flaws in country which is projecting the boys and girls primary schools ratio 10:4 correspondingly. In the last few years many new primacy schools for girls and boys are established but still there is need to establish more and more primary schools to meet the educational needs of increasing population. In the last decade the growth of private sector schools is tremendously increased. The private schools trend not just harms the quality of education but also created a huge gap between rich and poor. The people of lower class couldn’t afford the fees of private educational schools and colleges. In public schools there is lack of quality education. There is also shortage of required facilities like qualified, train staff, furniture and school buildings etc. Our educational policy doesn’t focus on technical education. There are very few technical institutions and less technical trained people in country. The funds allocated for the education are not sufficient the funds are just about 1. 5 % to 2. 0% of total GDP. Although to promote the education the funds must be about 7 percent of total country GDP. With increased education budget the literacy rate in country will surely increased. The provincial and federal Government both need spend a larger portion of their income on promoting education. Author: Rizwan Ghani Posted On: Tuesday, August 02, 2011 Source/Reference: www. pakobserver. net Total Views :1320| After 18th Amendment, improvement of education in Pakistan to international standards can be done with help of international frameworks including Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and boards like National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). Federal and provincial governments have to address the issue of teaching language (English, Urdu or regional languages), standardization of curriculum, and dealing with two-track education system- Urdu and English medium to take local and international exams. These tested frameworks can bring the progress of decades in Pakistan while saving billions of dollars. Thus, Pakistan needs to adopt appropriate policies to raise education standards, sustain economy and earn foreign exchange. The political, social and education complexities of teaching language can be controlled with help of international frameworks. PISA does not require the member states to change curriculums, teaching languages and teaching methodologies. It allows governments to periodically monitor outcomes of national education systems within internationally agreed framework. It provides a basis for international collaboration in defining and implementing educational goals and skills that are relevant to adult life (professional and social). PISA reading, mathematics and general science frameworks help bring national education at par with international standards. Around half a million 15-year-olds from 75 countries representing 28 million students, participated in PISA 2009 assessments and surveys. Pakistan can use PISA to improving national education standards in all provincial languages (www. pisa. oecd. org). Teaching in local languages can improve Pakistan’s education standards internationally. According to the 2011 Writing Framework for National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) of America, good writing instruction empowers students to acquire new knowledge and to develop critical thinking skills. This is true of writing in all subject areas, not just English language http //www. state. nj. us/education/assessment/naep/results/writing/2011naep. PISA and NAEP framework rubrics allow student evaluations irrespective of language. Learning and teaching in mother tongue is a universal human right recognized by UN. China, was a top scorers in 2009 PISA testing http //www. nytimes. com/2010/12/07/education/07education. html. It shows education in mother tongue does not affect nation’s international competitiveness and national education standards. Since education is a provincial subject, therefore provinces should be free to impart education in local languages, make English and Urdu as optional languages. Provinces can issue degrees with pass/fail with English/Urdu or both to free the country from politics of language. It will allow students to continue higher education without passing compulsory languages, which is a major contributor to school and college dropouts. It will allow the students to join job market who do not wish to continue with further education. The employer can omit or consider language(s) pass/fail status of candidate at the time of employment. On the other hand, the higher education institutions can keep compulsory languages as part of admission criteria. In line with many American universities, a six months period can be given to first year university students to clear compulsory languages. In terms of syllabus, international frameworks and boards can help Pakistan’s policy makers develop required syllabuses, fulfill demands of local market, and meet national education objectives to bring national and international education at par. They allow improving exam testing and incorporating modern technology in reading and writing. In addition, they facilitate linking of national boards to international boards like NBME (www. nbme. org). NBME model allows state medical qualified doctors to take national level exams, upgrade national education and examination standards and link them to rest of the world. It allows tens of thousands of international medical graduates to take United States Medical Licensing Exam without actually studying in American medical colleges. It is equally true for British, Australian and New Zealand medical boards. This model can help cut cost of professional education and fight poverty in Pakistan. Based on these frameworks and models, federal and provincial governments of Pakistan should collaborate to standardize local education and bring it equal to international standards. Islamabad should hold annual summits with China and western countries in line with reports of annual Indo-US higher education summits planning collaboration of universities in both countries. In addition, Pakistan needs to allow private publishers to print books according to the contents of given courses. It will improve concepts of students, standard of books and education. The existing control of federal government on higher education needs to be changed by allowing provinces complete control of universities, scholarships, hiring, training etc. Federal government needs to become a regulatory body instead of controlling authority and facilitates provinces to standardize higher education, provincial education and bring it equal to international levels. Federal education setup should work with ministry of labor and manpower to identify and develop human resource for interprovincial and overseas market, work with foreign missions to issue annual forecast of overseas jobs and train foreign workers and students. Pakistan needs to organize education to cater to local and international needs, attract foreign investors and earn foreign revenue. Reportedly, America and Britain earned $31bn and ? 8 bn in 2010 from foreign students respectively. China is charging $5333 boarding lodging fee annually for a five-year MBBS and one-year internship. It is also offering seven-year specialization degree programs (5 years MBBS and 2 years specialization) in most medical fields. Beijing has gained international recognition through standardized tuition fees, transparency, qualified staff and allowing foreign students and teachers in local universities (http //www.4icu. org/cn/). The Chinese model can help Pakistan cut prices of professional education by 50 percent and train surplus number of local and foreign students to sustain domestic and international needs. In line with China, Pakistan should also take necessary steps to attract flocks of foreign students, interns and investors. Finally, a debate is going on in China on two-track system- one for national college entrance exam (the gaokao) and other for international exams. Imran Khan’s PTI is deliberating about single education system. Pakistan can overcome challenge of teaching language, two-track system (English and Urdu medium) and bringing local education at par with international with help of international frameworks, NBME and more freedom to provinces. | Pakistan’s Education System and Links to Extremism Author: Jayshree Bajoria October 7, 2009 * Introduction * A ‘Dysfunctional’ System * Government Reform Plans * The ‘Madrassa Myth? ‘ * Reforming Madrassas * U. S. Policy Implications. Pakistan’s poor education system has increasingly become a matter of international concern. Lack of access to quality education, which in turn limits economic opportunity, makes young Pakistanis targets for extremist groups, some experts say. The World Bank says nearly half the adult population of Pakistan can’t read, and net primary enrollment rates remain thelowest in South Asia. Experts say the system suffers from inadequate government investment, corruption, lack of institutional capacity, and a poor curriculum that often incites intolerance. In August 2009, chief counterterrorism adviser to the White House John Brennan, summing up a concern held by many U. S. terrorism experts, said extremist groups in Pakistan have exploited this weakness. â€Å"It is why they offer free education to impoverished Pakistani children, where they can recruit and indoctrinate the next generation,† he said. There have been some efforts by the Pakistani government, Western governments, and the World Bank to reform the system, but serious challenges remain. A ‘Dysfunctional’ System According to the Pakistani government’s National Education Policy 2009 (PDF), three parallel streams in education–public schools, private schools, and Islamic religious schools, or madrassas–have â€Å"created unequal opportunities for students. † Of the total number of students going to primary school (grades 1 to 5), 73 percent go to public or government schools, 26 percent to private schools, and less than 1 percent to madrassas, according to the Karachi-based policy research institute Social Policy and Development Center. Within the public and the private sector, there are elite schools catering to a small minority of students. The majority of students attend low-quality private and public schools with poor curriculum, limited teaching materials, and inadequate number of properly trained teachers, or in many cases absent teachers. â€Å"[N]o Pakistani leader has had the courage to implement serious [education] reforms†- Pervez Hoodbhoy The government-mandated curriculum is a major concern for Western observers who say it encourages intolerance and a narrow worldview. Except in some elite private schools, which do not follow the government-prescribed curriculum, all public schools and registered private schools have been required to teach Islamiyat, or Islamic studies, for nearly thirty years. In addition to Islamiyat, â€Å"many scholars have noted that the government curriculum uses Islam for a wide array of controversial ideological objectives,† writes C. Christine Fair in the 2008 book The Madrassah Challenge. A 2003 report on the state of curriculum and textbooks by the Islamabad-based independent Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) said that for over two decades.